** Bayanin Edita: Gidauniyar Queer Gothic na Tsoron Zamani wani bangare ne na ci gaba da jerinmu akan Watan Girman kai na Firgici, haskakawa game da shigar da al'ummomin LGBTQ cikin tsara nau'in.

Akwai wani abu da ya dace da lalacewa game da labarin ban tsoro na Gothic. Wataƙila ɗaukakar ladabi ne da lamuran da hazo ya rufe su. Wataƙila, maza da mata ne masu kyawawan halaye.

Wani abu a bayyane yake, duk da haka, akan bincike da nazarin waɗannan matani: rubuce-rubucen waɗannan labaran masu banƙyama ya canza yadda abin firgita yake a yau, kuma yawancin hannayen da ke riƙe da alkalami na kirkira, kansu ne.

A ƙasa zaku sami jerin kawai wasu daga waɗannan marubutan masu ban mamaki.

horace walpole

Idan muka dawo karni uku, zamu gano Castasar Otranto. Anyi la'akari da littafin Gothic na farko, Horatio "Horace" Walpole ne ya rubuta labarin, 4th Earl na Orford. Walpole ɗa ne ga Firayim Ministan Biritaniya na farko, kuma tun daga farkon rayuwarsa ya bayyana cewa ba shi da “al'ada” ta ƙa'idodin zamantakewar yau.

Da yawa sun yi hasashen cewa Walpole ɗan luwadi ne, kodayake masana tarihi na baya-bayan nan sun yi iƙirarin cewa mai yiwuwa ya kasance ba ya jin magana ne kamar yadda ba shi da sha'awar jiki ga kowa. Har ila yau, an yi hasashen cewa, kamar sauran marubutan da aka tattauna a nan, ya koma rubuta labarai masu ban tsoro a matsayin lamba saboda ba za su iya magana a fili game da yanayin jima'i ba saboda rashin bin doka da liwadi.

Walpole sanannu ne da kasancewa tare da mata kamar su Mary Berry, marubuciya mara labarin almara lokacin kuma mutane da yawa sunanta a matsayin 'yar madigo, ita kanta saboda ƙin yarda da shawarwarin aure da yawa da kuma tsananin sukar ƙa'idodin auren al'umma. A wata ma'anar, matan da ba za su iya nuna sha'awar soyayya da shi ba.

Littafin, da kansa, ya kafa yawancin abubuwanda suka dace da kyawawan halaye waɗanda suke cikin al'adun Goth na zamani a yau suna haɗar da labari mai ban tsoro da ban sha'awa tare da wasu abubuwa na zamanin da, kuma yawancin marubutan da zasu zo nan gaba zasu ci bashin littafin Walpole kamar yadda ya aza tushe ga nasu litattafan.

William Thomas Beckford

Lokacin da muke gaba, sai muka sami William Thomas Beckford, shima na Ingila.

An haife shi a cikin 1760, Beckford zai cike mukamai da dama a rayuwarsa a matsayin marubuci, ɗan siyasa, majiɓincin fasaha, mai sukar ra'ayi, kuma marubucin tafiya. Ya kasance, kamar yadda ake tsammani daga gare shi, ya yi aure kuma auren ya haifar da 'ya'ya mata biyu.

Koyaya, kamar yadda daga baya Lord Byron zai rubuta a cikin wakarsa mai suna "To Dives – A Fragment", Beckford ya kasance “an yaudare shi zuwa ayyukan da aka la'anta" kuma "ya bugu da 'ƙishirwar ƙishirwar Laifin da ba a ambata sunansa ba.' Wani masanin ilimin masanin kimiyya mai suna EH Coleridge ya bayyana a cikin tarin ayyukansa na Byron cewa an rubuta wadannan layuka musamman game da Beckford. Ba tsalle bane kwata-kwata don karanta layin azaman bayanin sirri ne ga sha'awar Beckford.

Lallai, Beckford ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a cikin gudun hijira saboda wata soyayya ta soyayya da ya yi da wani saurayi mai suna William "Kitty" Courteney. Kodayake ba za su iya kasancewa tare ba, Beckford ya rubuta William sau da yawa kuma yawancin waɗannan haruffa an tattara su a cikin kundin taken Yaro Na Mai Girma: Wasikun Soyayya Na 'Yan Luwadi Cikin thearni.

Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Beckford da yawa akwai labari, Wato, Labarin Gothic mai ban al'ajabi da karkatarwa wanda a cikin salo mai taken ya cire riko da addinin Islama kuma ya ba da kansa ga yawan lalata da lalata a cikin neman ikon allahntaka. Lokacin da waɗannan ayyukan suka yi kamar ba su yi nasara ba, sai ya juya zuwa ga ayyukan wuce gona da iri ciki har da sadaukar da yara 50 don neman mulki.

Beckford ya ciro daga tushe da yawa wajen ƙirƙirar abubuwa Wato gami da Alkur'ani da tatsuniyoyi na Gabas wadanda suka shahara a lokacin. Ya kuma kara da sufi, Aljani mai zafin rai har ma da Baiwar Allah Bilqis wacce aka ambace ta a cikin rubutun addini da yawa. A yau, ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan farkon ayyukan adabin baka na yau da kullun.

Francis Lathom

Haihuwar 1774, shekaru 14 kacal bayan Beckford, Francis Lathom ya zama shahararren marubucin littafin Gothic kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Yanayin da ke tattare da haihuwar sa sun kasance masu kyau, amma mun san cewa ya fara aikin adabi a Norwich a cikin 1791.

A cikin 1797, ya haɗu ya auri wata Diana Ganning, kuma tare suka haifi yara huɗu, amma a 1810, ya gudu daga auren, kuma jita-jitar lokacin tana nuni zuwa ga sha'anin soyayyarsa ta 'yan luwadi a matsayin abin da ya sa ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani.

Ayyukansa na adabi ya ƙare a lokaci guda, amma alhamdu lillahi, ya riga ya samar da littattafan Gothic da yawa waɗanda za su taimaka wajen tsara yanayin a cikin abubuwa masu zuwa. Daga cikin wadancan, shahararriya da karbuwa ita ce Tsakar Tsakar dare.

A cikin littafin, wani saurayi mai suna Alphonsus Cohenburg ya yunkuro don neman dukiyar sa da ya sata. Kashi biyu na uku na uku na labarin suna bin dukkanin koguna na labarin nema kamar yadda Alphonsus ya ɗauki matsayi daban-daban yayin ɓoye ciki har da na soja da kuma daga baya mai hakar gwal.

Yana da kashi na uku na ƙarshe na littafin, duk da haka, wanda ya ƙarfafa sunansa a matsayin babban labarin Gothic na tsoro. Ba zato ba tsammani ya cika labarin da gothic imagery a cikin Cohenburg castle kuma ya haɗa da labaran abubuwan da suka bayyana wanda ya zama cabal na mugayen sufaye waɗanda suka hadu a ɓoye a cikin kayan.

Taken yana nuni da kararrawar da ake biya don kiran waɗancan sufaye zuwa ga al'adunsu na duhu.

Labarin ya kasance sananne a lokacinsa kuma Jane Austen ta sanya shi a matsayin ɗayan "litattafan ban tsoro" da take magana a kanta Abban Northanger.

Duk wanda ya ga ɗayan finafinan Hammer Horror na shekarun 60s zai iya rahusar tasirin Lathom cikin sauƙi.

Matta Lewis

Ba kamar sauran mawallafa a cikin wannan jeri ba, babu tabbatacciyar hujja cewa Matta “Monk” Lewis ya taɓa yin aikin ɗan kishili da kansa. Batun shi ne wanda aka yi mahawara akai, tare da hujjoji daga bangarorin biyu na gardamar da ba ta kai ga ƙarshe ba. Muhawara ta ci gaba har zuwa yau ba tare da la'akari ba.

Rashin tabbaci na ainihi, batunsa ne, kuma ba rayuwar kansa ba, da ta same shi a ciki.

Lewis 'shahararren labari, Monk, an rubuta shi lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 19 kawai kuma ya kasance abin kunya tun daga farko game da adawarsa da Katolika da zane-zanen suttura, yanayin jinsi, da alaƙar maza da maza.

Makircin don Monk yana da laushi da rikitarwa kamar kowane wanda na taɓa karantawa yana iya gajarta bayanan bayanin ba zai yiwu ba. Kuna iya samun cikakken taƙaitaccen bayani akan wikipedia, duk da haka.

Ya zama mai haske da firgita kamar kowane irin sa da na taɓa karantawa, kuma yakamata ya kasance akan jerin karatun da ake buƙata ga duk wanda ke karantawa cikin tarihin ɓacin rai.

Joseph Sheridan LeFanu

Ta haka ne za a fara sashin Irish na wannan jerin.

Sheridan Le Fanu, kamar yadda aka san shi da fasaha, an haife shi ne a Ireland a 1814, kuma a rayuwarsa za a san shi da ɗayan manyan maƙaryata da labaran tsoro na zamaninsa.

Duk da yake yawancin labaransa sanannu ne har zuwa yau, littafin nasa ne Karmilla wannan ya kawo shi cikin wannan jerin.

Labarin ya bayyana ne daga mai ba da labarinsa, Laura, kuma ya shafi wata mata mai suna Carmilla wacce Laura ta sami farin ciki da ita. Kodayake Le Fanu ya rubuta tare da takamaiman yanayin dubawa game da ainihin halayen halayen halayensa, jan hankalin Laura yana iya bayyana kuma yanayin sha'awar dangantakarta da Carmilla ya tashi daga shafin.

Labarin ya zama tushen fim da yawa tare da sauya fasalin fim, kuma ya zama mizanin zinare ga wasu waɗanda suka gwada hannuwansu wajen rubuta litattafan madigo vampire.

Oscar Wilde

Duk da yake mafi yawan suna tunanin babban wayo da barkwanci na Oscar Wilde, dole ne mutum ya manta cewa ya rubuta mashahurin mashahuri. Hoton Dorian Grey.

Wataƙila babu wani sabon labari da ya taɓa bayyana cikakkiyar sha'awar gay a cikin samari da ɗabi'a da kuma labarin Wilde na ban mamaki Dorian Gray wanda ya mallaki zanen kansa wanda ke shekara da shekaru yayin da yake saurayi da kyau.

Wilde ya ɗauki damar da wasu ƙalilan suka yi ƙarfin hali a rayuwarsa, rayuwarsa a bayyane kamar yadda ya yiwu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku saboda “mummunan lalata” na shekara biyu, mafi girman hukuncin da aka yarda a lokacin.

Furucin da yake da shi da kuma kare kansa a lokacin gwajin nasa shi ne abubuwan almara kuma ya yi daidai an ɗaga shi zuwa gunki a cikin ƙungiyar masu bin doka har zuwa yau.

Nemi zurfin ciki Hoton Dorian Grey, wanda aka sake shi shekaru biyar kafin ɗaurinsa, mun sami wani labari wanda aka buga shi a cikin sigar daban-daban wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin wata mujallar kowane wata inda masu bugawar suka share kusan kalmomi 500 don tsoron tasirin abin da doka za ta iya fuskanta a kan abin da ta gani na lalata.

Daga baya aka sake yin kwaskwarima kuma aka buga shi a cikin sabon labari, kuma a wasu sigar daban-daban, saboda batun.

Dorian saurayi ne wanda ke tsoron lalacewar shekaru bayan sun haɗu tare da Lord Henry Wotton. Yayin da tsoronsa ya girma, yana so ya sayar da ransa don guje wa tsufa da mutuwa, kuma kamar yadda ya saba faruwa a cikin waɗannan tatsuniyoyin, ana ba da fatarsa.

Grey ya zama babban ɗan Libertine, yana rayuwa mai lalacewa saboda tsananin kyawunsa wanda baya taɓarɓarewa, kodayake hotonsa yana ci gaba da yin hakan, yana nuna alamun shekarunsa da kuma yawan zunubansa a jikinsa.

Yayinda tasirin rayuwarsa ya fara riskar sa, Dorian ya fusata wata rana da yamma ya dauki wuka zuwa zanen, yana soka shi a cikin zuciya. Kukansa ana jinsa a kan titi kuma idan aka gano gawarsa, bai wuce na wani tsoho, mai ciwo ba yayin da aka dawo da zanen yadda yake.

Labarin ya kasance tushen sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin kusan shekaru 130 tun asalin buga shi kuma yana ci gaba da haifar da tunanin har zuwa yau.

Bram Stoker

Ina ji kawai na ji ana sauraro.

Ga mutane da yawa, labarin cewa Bram Stoker ya kasance ɗan luwadi ɗanɗano ya zo da mamaki, amma gaskiya ne. Marubucin Dracula ya fara rubuta labari a lokacin da ake gabatar da ƙaunataccen abokinsa Oscar Wilde a gaban shari'a saboda mummunan lalata.

David J. Skal ne ya bankado rayuwar gay a ɓoye kuma ya rubuta dalla-dalla a cikin littafinsa Wani abu a cikin Jinin: Labarin da ba'a faɗi ba na Bram Stoker, Mutumin da ya Rubuta Dracula.

A ciki, Skal ya haɗu tare da rayuwar babban mawallafin da ke nuna ba kawai ga abokantakarsa da Wilde ba, har ma da madawwamin dangantakarsa da ɗan'uwan marubucin Hall Caine. Wasikunsa masu zuwa ga Walt Whitman, duk da haka, wannan ya bamu babbar fahimta game da rayuwar sirri da sha'awar Stoker.

Ya rubuta wa Whitman cewa ya yi marmarin zama “na dabi’a” a gaban marubucin, yana kiran Whitman “mutumin gaskiya” yana mai cewa zai yarda ya zama “dalibi a gaban Shugabansa” a gaban Whitman.

Da wannan ilimin ne, wasu abubuwa suke bayyane yayin karanta littafin marubucin. Ya fi yawa a cikin dangantakar Dracula da Harker yayin da matan ƙidaya na ƙidaya suka kusanci kyakkyawan saurayin, Dracula ta kare shi daga gare su, tana mai cewa “Namiji nawa ne!”

Tabbas mutuncin Dracula yana dawwama kuma idan aka duba sosai za a iya karanta shi azaman labari wanda ya haɗu da ƙimarta daga farkon shafuka. Yanayin ban tsoro na zamani bashi mai yawa tare da Bram Stoker.

Rosa Campbell ta yi salati

Rosa Campbell Praed ta kasance mace mai ban mamaki.

Haihuwar Ostiraliya a cikin 1851, Praed ya yi rubuce rubuce a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka rungumi al'adu da yawa a lokacin da ba a taɓa jin sa ba. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka haɗa da haruffan Aboriginal a cikin rubutunta kuma yin hakan da mutuncin da ba wanda ya taɓa gani.

Labarinta yana daya daga cikin sauye-sauye da sauyawa, amma abu daya da muka sani shine cewa ta rayu shekaru 30 tare da mai ruhaniya mai suna Nancy Harward, kuma a wannan lokacin ne ta juya alkalaminta zuwa labaran fatalwa da tatsuniyoyi masu kayatarwa kamar litattafinta Niriya wanda, daga baya aka sake bayyana shi, ya dogara ne da labaran da mai alaƙa ya bayyana a cikin wahayi.

Daga baya ta buga dukkanin lissafin zaman wanda ya ba da labarin abubuwan da wata yarinya mai suna Nyria wacce ta zauna a Rome kusan shekaru 1800 da suka gabata.

Littafin da kuma bayanan da aka fitar daga baya na aikin wahayi na matsakaici ya zo ne a tsayin daka na ruhaniyanci kuma labarinta na ɓoye da reincarnation sun taimaka wajen tsara makomar gaba, ba wai kawai litattafai da tatsuniyoyi ba, har ma a fim.